Architecture of Battery Forts Sevastopol Defensive Area at the Time of the Great Patriotic War

Abstract

The Crimean Peninsula was the scene of fierce battles during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The most important
role in the defense of the Crimea was played by the Sevastopol Defensive Area (SOR), which took the first blow of the enemy. Special
requirements were imposed on the architecture of the fortifications of SOR. The article discusses the spatial positioning of the
defense sectors and large fortifications of Sevastopol, the most powerful of which were battery forts. The volumetric compositions
of BB-30 (Maxim Gorky-1 Fort) and BB-35 (Maxim Gorky-2 Fort) armored batteries, PSZ-3, No.10, No.12 and No.13 batteries, as well
as military functional and constructive solutions of their general layout, individual blocks, fragments and elements. The continuity
of the Russian fortification school of the 1913-1930s is emphasized, which made it possible to create an effective fortification
architecture and adapt it to the armaments of the 1940s. Some spatial techniques used in the architecture of Sevastopol forts
in 1941–1945 are still relevant today.